A lingering memory
To understand why weight can pile back on so quickly after it is lost, Hinte and her colleagues analysed fat tissue from a group of people with severe obesity, as well as from a control group of people who had never had obesity.
They found that some genes were more active in the obesity group's fat cells than in the control group's fat cells, whereas other genes were less active.They also found similar results in mice that had lost large amounts of weight.
In the fat cells of both humans and mice, the genes dialled up during obesity are involved in spurring inflammation and fibrosis — the formation of stiff, scar-like tissue.The genes that are turned down help fat cells to function normally.
Research on mice traced these shifts in gene activity to changes in the epigenome, which has a powerful effect on how active a gene is, including whether it is turned on at all.
The scientists tested the durability of these changes by putting obese mice on a diet.A few months after the mice had become lean again, the changes in their epigenomes persisted, as if the cells 'remembered' being in a body with obesity.